Foreign Trade Finance

The world has now turned into a trading platform that extends beyond borders. Businesses have opportunities to offer their products and services not only beyond their own country, but also to customers around the world. The key to success in this global trade environment is to understand and effectively apply a critical concept called “Foreign Trade Financing”.

Foreign trade means that a country exchanges goods and services with other countries. This includes shopping, import and export transactions. For businesses, foreign trade offers opportunities for growth and competition in the international market. However, it is important to understand that foreign trade is a dynamic process and challenges such as financing deficits may be encountered.

Financing of foreign trade deals with the financial aspect of this process. Businesses must find appropriate financing methods and resources to carry out foreign trade transactions. This concept includes many elements:

1. Foreign Trade Transactions and Methods: Foreign trade transactions include the trade of products and services with other countries. When exporting, the right delivery methods should be chosen and financial instruments (e.g. leasing) should be used effectively. Transactions and methods include the basic steps for the successful conduct of foreign trade.

2. Foreign Trade Regime and Policies: Each country’s foreign trade regime and policies are different. When exporting and importing, it is important to understand and follow these policies. It also includes financial elements such as the delivery methods of the goods and the rental fee.

3. Working Capital Management: Working capital management is of great importance in financing foreign trade. Businesses should strengthen their financial sustainability, especially by taking measures against the financing gap. Financial leasing companies play an important role in the ownership of investment goods.

4. Foreign Trade Consultancy Firms and Agencies: The complexity of foreign trade requires businesses to apply to foreign trade consultancy firms. These companies guide exporters in the international trade of movable and immovable goods. Foreign trade consultancy helps businesses determine the right strategies and overcome difficulties such as financing gaps.

Financing of foreign trade represents an essential component for businesses to be successful in international trade. Correct financing methods and foreign trade consultancy increase the ability of businesses to compete in the global market. Therefore, it is a vital concept for businesses that want to minimize risks such as financing deficits in the foreign trade process and grow in the international arena.

Financing of foreign trade forms the basis of international trade. Correct financing methods and foreign trade consultancy enable businesses to be successful in the international arena. For this reason, it is very important for businesses to make careful planning and get support from expert consultants in order to minimize risks such as financing gaps in the foreign trade process.

Financial Lease (Leasing) for Foreign Trade

Foreign trade offers an important opportunity for businesses to explore and grow in a market that expands beyond borders. However, being successful in international trade requires good planning and correct financing strategies. In order to avoid difficulties such as financing gap and to keep your business safe, financial leasing, that is, leasing, plays a critical role in foreign trade.

What is Financial Lease (Leasing)?

Financial leasing refers to a business renting the right to use an investment property through a financial leasing company without purchasing it. This method is particularly effective in international trade of high-cost goods (for example, industrial equipment or vehicles).

The Role of Financial Leasing in Foreign Trade

1. 1. Ownership of Investment Property: Financial leasing offers businesses the right to use investment property, but does not transfer ownership. This helps businesses reduce property rights risks and keep valuable assets such as movable property or immovable property safe.

1. 1. Use of Vendor Credit and Equity: Financial leasing allows businesses to access investment goods without using vendor credit or equity. This allows businesses to trade internationally without running into a financing gap.

1. 1. Customs and Foreign Trade Expenses: Financial leasing transactions can reduce additional costs such as foreign trade expenses and customs expenses. Renting allows better control of costs with payment plans.

1. 1. Operational Efficiency and Implementation Procedures: Financial leasing provides convenience to businesses in terms of implementation procedures. It also offers businesses the flexibility to increase operational efficiency and move faster.

Creating a Financial Leasing Strategy in Foreign Trade

Financial leasing in foreign trade offers businesses the opportunity to manage working capital and make technical selection. It helps businesses close the gap in correct financing and opens the doors of growth for exporting businesses

Financial leasing is a powerful tool that enables businesses to be competitive in international trade. Businesses can achieve growth and success in foreign trade by applying this strategy correctly.

Elements of Financial Lease

Financial leasing is a financing method that allows businesses to rent investment goods without purchasing the right to use them. The basic elements of this method are:

1. 1. Leasing Agreement: Financial leasing process begins with a rental agreement. This contract is made between the tenant (lessor) and the lessor (usually the leasing company). The contract includes the rental period, rental fee, payment terms and description of the investment property.

1. 1. Rent Fee: The tenant pays a rental fee at regular intervals to obtain the right to use the investment property. The rental fee is determined depending on the cost of the rented goods, rental period and other factors.

1. 1. Lease Period: The tenant has the right to use the investment property during the period determined by the financial leasing agreement. This period is decided by the contract and is generally chosen in accordance with the economic life of the investment property.

1. 1. Ownership Right: An important feature of the financial leasing transaction is that the lessee has the option to obtain the ownership right of the investment property at the end of the lease period. This represents the tenant’s right to purchase the investment property.

1. 1. Investment Property: Investment property refers to the asset to be rented under financial leasing. This can be movable or immovable property, for example, industrial equipment, vehicles, buildings and other large assets.

1. 1. Lease Conditions and Payment Plan: The rental agreement includes details about how the rented property will be used, payment plan, interest rates and frequency of rental periods.

1. 1. Vendor Credit: In a leasing transaction, the lessor generally purchases the investment property and rents it to the tenant. This offers businesses more flexibility than alternative financing methods such as vendor credit

Finance leasing allows businesses to reduce ownership costs and access investment goods more easily. Carefully considering these elements helps businesses implement their leasing strategies effectively.

Goods That May Be Subject to Financial Lease Transactions

Financial leasing is a financing method that allows businesses to rent investment goods and use large assets without purchasing them.

This financing method helps businesses increase operational efficiency while reducing the cost of owning especially large and high-cost goods. Financial leasing transactions allow businesses to rent a variety of goods, and these goods are often long-lasting and critical. Here are a few examples of goods that can be subject to financial leasing transactions:

1. 1. Vehicles: Vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, ships, airplanes and trains are common subjects of financial leasing transactions. Businesses rent and use these vehicles through financial leasing.

1. 1. Industrial Equipment: Construction machinery, construction equipment, agricultural machinery, printing machines, production lines and other industrial equipment can be subject to financial leasing transactions. Such equipment supports the production processes of enterprises.

1. 1. Office Equipment: Computers, printers, photocopiers, telephone switchboards, furniture and other office equipment can be rented through financial leasing. Businesses can choose financial leasing to equip their offices.

1. 1. Buildings and Properties: Businesses may wish to rent their workplaces or retail spaces through financial leasing. This is a common practice, especially in the retail industry.

1. 1. Technology and Communication Devices: Servers, network equipment, mobile phones, tablets and other technological devices can be obtained by financial leasing. This is a common practice for technology companies and large corporate organizations.

1. 1. Medical Devices and Medical Equipment: Medical devices such as hospital equipment, medical imaging devices, dentistry equipment can be provided by financial leasing. Financial leasing is a common financing method in the healthcare industry.

1. 1. Energy Production Equipment: Wind turbines, solar panels, generators and other energy production equipment can be acquired by businesses in the energy sector through financial leasing.

1. 1. Agricultural Equipment: Agricultural tractors, combine harvesters, irrigation systems and other agricultural equipment can be rented by farmers through financial leasing.

Financial leasing transactions facilitate businesses’ access to such large and costly goods. Renting these assets through financial leasing increases the investment and growth opportunities of businesses while preserving their liquidity.

Operation of Financial Lease Transactions

Financial leasing transactions allow a business to rent and use an investment good, but ownership of the good does not pass to the lessee. Here is how financial leasing transactions work, step by step:

1. Rental Request and Selection

The beginning of the financial leasing process occurs when a business decides to lease a certain investment property. The business determines what type of asset it wants to lease. This decision should generally be aligned with the growth strategies and operational needs of the business.

2. Contact with the Rental Company

When a business wants to make a financial leasing transaction, it contacts a financial leasing company or financial institution. The rental company offers business-friendly rental options. These options include lease duration, rental price, interest rates and payment periods.

3. Creating a Lease Agreement

When the business makes an agreement with the rental company, a rental agreement is prepared. This contract includes the description of the leased asset, the lease period, the rental price and the payment schedule. It is also stated that the property right will not be transferred to the tenant and the investment property must be returned.

4. Delivery and Use of Goods

When the lease agreement is approved, the rented goods are delivered to the business. The business begins to use the goods for the specified purposes. At this stage, the tenant undertakes the maintenance of the investment property and makes repairs when necessary.

5. Rental Payments

During the lease period, the tenant makes rent payments at specified intervals. The rental fee is paid as specified in the rental agreement. Rental payments continue continuously throughout the lease term.

6. Ownership Option

An important feature of the financial lease is that the lessee has the option to purchase the investment property at the end of the lease period. The lessee can purchase the asset according to the terms of the contract or return it when the contract ends.

7. Termination of Contract

When the rental period ends, the contract ends. The tenant returns or purchases the investment property. The financial leasing transaction ends successfully and the business begins to consider new financial leasing transactions when necessary.

Finance leasing transactions offer businesses the opportunity to reduce ownership costs and gain operational flexibility while gaining access to large-scale assets. This process helps businesses support their growth strategies and remain competitive.

Advantages of Financial Leasing

Financial leasing offers a number of advantages to businesses. These benefits are of great importance to businesses looking to support growth strategies, reduce ownership costs and maintain liquidity. Here are the main advantages of financial leasing:

1. Provides Business with Access to Large Assets

Finance leasing gives businesses access to often high-cost goods, industrial equipment, vehicles and other large assets. This makes it easier for businesses to implement growth strategies and gain competitive advantage.

2. Reduces Ownership Costs

Financial leasing allows businesses to use investment goods without purchasing them. This reduces businesses’ costs of ownership. Since ownership of the asset remains with the leasing company, it reduces operating expenses such as depreciation, maintenance and service costs.

3. Maintains Liquidity

Financial leasing transactions enable businesses to protect their limited cash. Purchasing a large investment property may negatively impact the liquidity of the business. Financial leasing offers the opportunity to make rental payments at certain periods, which helps businesses manage their cash flows.

4. Tax Advantages

Financial leasing transactions generally enable businesses to benefit from tax advantages. Lease payments generally reduce the tax costs of businesses and reduce their tax base. This helps businesses become more financially efficient.

5. Provides Flexibility

Financial leasing transactions provide operational and financial flexibility to businesses. The rental period and payment plan can be customized to suit the business’s needs and budget. Additionally, tenants have the option to purchase or return the asset when the lease ends.

6. Compliance with Technological Updates

Financial leasing is an ideal solution for businesses that want to keep up with technological developments. Leased equipment or technology may be updated or replaced during the lease term.

7. Risk Allocation

Finance leases effectively distribute asset ownership and maintenance responsibility between the business and the leasing company. This helps businesses reduce business risks.

Financial leasing is a financing method that supports businesses to grow and gain competitive advantage. These advantages have a great impact on businesses’ ability to acquire assets, maintain liquidity and provide financial flexibility.

Accounting for Financial Lease Transactions

Accounting for financial leasing transactions ensures that such transactions are accurately reflected in the financial statements of businesses. The main purpose of recording financial leasing transactions in accounting is to reflect the financial effects of the lease agreement on the balance sheet and income statement of the business. Here are the basic steps for accounting for financial leasing transactions:

1. Definition of the Rental Agreement

Accounting for a financial lease transaction begins with correctly defining the lease agreement. Important conditions such as the duration of the contract, rental fee, interest rates and whether the property right will pass to the tenant are determined.

2. Net Present Value Calculation

The first step in accounting for financial lease transactions is to calculate the net present value of all cash flows arising from the lease. This calculation is used to calculate the present value of future payments. This value typically includes all financial commitments, including lease payments, interest, and the option to purchase the asset.

3. Definition of Rental Obligation

The lessee creates a lease obligation for future lease payments due to the financial leasing transaction. This liability reflects the rent payable during the lease term.

4. Defining Assets and Liabilities

Due to the financial leasing transaction, an asset and a liability are defined in the lessee’s balance sheet. The asset reflects the future economic benefit of the asset resulting from the lease. Debt represents future rent payments.

5. Reflecting the Effects on the Income Statement

The financial leasing transaction also reflects its effects on the income statement of the business. Financial results such as lease payments, interest expenses and depreciation expenses are recorded in the income statement.

6. Disclosure of Details of the Lease Agreement

Details of the financial leasing transaction are generally disclosed in the footnotes in the financial statements. This provides more information about the financial position and results of the business.

Accounting for financial leasing transactions provides transparency by accurately reflecting the financial statements of businesses. This helps both the business and external stakeholders develop a better understanding of its financial health. Therefore, it is important to act meticulously when accounting for financial leasing transactions.

Factoring for Foreign Trade

🌍 Foreign trade is an important strategy that businesses can use to export their goods and services abroad. While exporting offers growth opportunities to businesses, it also creates financing requirements. Factoring is a powerful tool in providing financing in foreign trade.

Factoring is a method of collecting a business’s receivables based on sales of goods and services abroad. This financing method helps businesses collect their receivables, while also solving liquidity problems and reducing financial risks such as cost provisions.< /p>

📦 During export transactions, businesses generally use payment methods after the delivery of goods and services. This is a common feature of foreign trade and provides growth opportunities for businesses. However, payment collection may take a long time, which may negatively affect the cash flow of the business

🏦 This is where factoring comes into play. The factoring company takes over the foreign receivables of the business and makes immediate payments. This accelerates the business’s cash flow and provides financial flexibility. Factoring offers businesses the opportunity to reduce collection risk in foreign trade.

🔒 Insurance method is also important in foreign trade. Insurance provides protection against possible risks during the transportation of goods and services. Insurance plays a critical role in protecting the property and financial values of businesses.

📈 To meet the costs and financing requirements of foreign trade transactions, businesses should effectively use financial instruments such as factoring and insurance. These methods provide assurance and financing to businesses in foreign trade so that businesses can continue to grow worldwide.

Factoring Definition

Factoring is a type of transaction used as a financial tool to convert businesses’ receivables into cash and speed up the collection process. A factoring transaction is carried out to transfer a business’s receivables (receivables arising from its sales) to the factoring company and to ensure that these receivables are paid in cash within a certain period of time.

Factoring helps businesses improve their cash flows, reduce cost-recovery risks and achieve financial flexibility. Businesses usually pay a certain commission to factoring companies, but this cost balances the advantages in terms of quick collection of receivables and solving liquidity problems.

The factoring process is used especially during export transactions, but it is also valid for domestic receivables. By collecting receivables through factoring, businesses strengthen their cash flow and gain greater flexibility to deal with financial difficulties.

Factoring transactions are an important financing method that helps businesses reduce collection risk and optimize their cash flows while supporting their growth strategies.

Function of the Factoring System

Factoring is a system used to accelerate receivables collection and provide financial flexibility. The factoring system operates between various actors. Here is the basic operation of the factoring system:

1. Factoring Customer (Seller) and Buyer (Receivable Debtor)

The factoring system begins between two basic parties: the factoring customer (seller) and the buyer (debtor). A factoring customer is a business that sells goods or services and considers transferring its receivables to the factoring company. The buyer is the customer of the factoring customer or the party that must pay the receivables.

2. Factoring Company

The factoring company is at the center of the factoring system. The factoring company provides financial services to the factoring customer. These services are related to the collection of receivables, financial support and risk management. The factoring company accelerates receivables collection and makes cash payments to the factoring customer.

3. Transfer of Receivables

The factoring process is initiated by the factoring customer. The business transfers its receivables to the factoring company. Receivables are usually transferred under a specific factoring agreement. The factoring customer determines on which dates and for which recipients the receivables will be transferred to the factoring company.

4. Receivable Collection

The factoring company undertakes the collection of receivables. Receivables are collected by the factoring company when they reach maturity or within a previously determined period. Receivables collection takes place by contacting buyers or using other collection methods.

5. Cash Payment

The factoring company makes a cash payment to the factoring customer after the receivables are collected. This payment may include part or all of the credit amount. Factoring customers accelerate cash flow and can use this cash to meet their financial needs.

6. Communication to the Debtor

The factoring company can reach the debtor during receivable collection. However, this communication is usually made amicably as part of an agreement for collection action. The debtor is obliged to pay his receivables to the factoring company.

The factoring system helps businesses in the process of collecting their receivables and provides financial flexibility. Businesses can reduce collection risk and costs while improving their cash flow through factoring. This provides a great advantage for businesses, especially during foreign trade transactions.

Cost of Factoring Transactions

Factoring is an important tool for businesses in terms of accelerating receivables collection and providing financial flexibility. However, factoring companies that offer factoring services demand certain costs in return for this service. The cost of factoring transactions may vary depending on various factors. Here are the main factors affecting the cost of factoring transactions:

1. Factoring Commission

The main cost of the factoring transaction is the factoring commission. The factoring company charges a commission from the factoring customer for providing receivables collection, financial services and risk management. This commission is usually calculated as a percentage of the receivable amount. The commission rate may vary depending on the agreement made with the factoring company.

2. Factoring Duration and Processes

The duration and processes of the factoring process may also affect the cost. For factoring customers who demand fast collection, the factoring process may be shorter, which may affect the commission cost. Additionally, detailed review and documentation processes during the factoring process may also increase costs.

3. Risk Level of Receivables

The factoring company evaluates the risk level of the receivables during the factoring process. High risk receivables can often lead to higher commission rates. When the factoring company carries a risk for the collection of receivables, it prices this risk.

4. Transaction Volume with Factoring Company

The transaction volume of the factoring customer with the factoring company also affects the cost. Often large trading volume can lead to lower commission rates and better financial conditions. Businesses can optimize their costs by establishing a long-term cooperation with a factoring company.

5. Other Fees

In factoring transactions, there may be other fees charged by factoring companies. Additional costs may apply, for example, processing fees, collection costs or reporting fees.

The cost of factoring transactions varies depending on the financial needs of the businesses and the agreements made with the factoring company. Businesses should carefully evaluate the costs before collaborating with factoring companies that provide factoring services. This ensures a balanced consideration of the advantages and financial burden of the factoring service.

Types of Factoring Transactions

Factoring transactions are a wide range of financial instruments used to meet the receivable collection and financing needs of businesses. There are different types of factoring transactions according to the needs and preferences of businesses. Here are the commonly used types of factoring transactions:

1. Classic Factoring (Full-Service Factoring)

Classic factoring is the most common type of factoring. In this transaction, the factoring company takes over all receivables of the factoring customer. The factoring company provides all services such as receivables collection, credit control and accounting transactions. The factoring customer pays a commission from the factoring company before receiving payment for his receivables.

2. Reverse Factoring

Reverse factoring is a type of factoring in which large buyers are generally used to provide financial support to businesses that are their suppliers. In this transaction, the buyer makes an agreement with the factoring company and helps the supplier collect its receivables. This helps buyers extend payment terms while suppliers accelerate their cash flow.

3. Advanced Factoring (Maturity Factoring)

Advanced factoring is a type of factoring in which the factoring customer transfers his receivables to the factoring company at the end of a certain maturity period. In this transaction, the factoring company does not collect the receivables during a certain maturity period, but makes payment at the end of the maturity. This allows the factoring customer to improve cash flow with long-term financing.

4. Recourse Factoring

Reversible factoring is a type of factoring in which the factoring customer assumes the risk arising from uncollected receivables. That is, when the factoring company cannot collect receivables, the factoring customer is responsible. This type of factoring comes with lower commission rates, but requires the factoring customer to bear risk regarding receivables collection.

5. Contract Factoring (Spot Factoring)

Contract factoring is a type of factoring in which the factoring customer transfers certain receivables to the factoring company on a one-time basis. In this transaction, the factoring customer can request financial support for certain receivables and sells these receivables to the factoring company on a one-time basis.

Types of factoring transactions may vary according to the needs and financial strategies of businesses. Each type of factoring has advantages and disadvantages, so businesses should evaluate carefully when choosing a factoring service.

Domestic Factoring

Domestic factoring is a financial tool used to accelerate receivables collection and meet financing needs between businesses within a country. This type of factoring allows businesses to transfer their receivables to a factoring company and accelerate their cash flow by receiving cash payments in return.

The basic features of the domestic factoring process are:

1. Accelerating Receivables Collection:Domestic factoring helps businesses collect their receivables from their customers faster. The factoring company undertakes the collection of receivables and makes a quick cash payment to the factoring customer.

2. Providing Financial Flexibility:Domestic factoring provides financial flexibility to businesses. Businesses can benefit from factoring services to improve their cash flow and ease the financial burden.

3. Risk Management:The factoring company provides risk management services such as collection of receivables and credit control. This reduces the factoring customer’s collection risk.

4. Customer Relations:Domestic factoring helps businesses accelerate receivables collection without negatively affecting customer relations. Maintaining friendly communication with the debtor is often part of the factoring process.

5. Transaction Volume:Businesses can use domestic factoring with a low transaction volume or with a large transaction volume. Commission rates and other financial conditions may vary depending on transaction volume.

Domestic factoring is an effective solution especially for businesses in need of short-term financing. Businesses can quickly convert their receivables into cash by making an agreement with a factoring company. This improves cash flow, provides financial stability and provides businesses with growth opportunities. Domestic factoring is a valuable financing tool to facilitate receivables collection and provide financial flexibility in the domestic market.

Foreign Factoring

International factoring is a financial tool used to accelerate the international receivables collection of businesses and meet their financing needs. This type of factoring helps businesses collect their receivables from customers abroad faster and provide financial flexibility in international transactions.

The basic features of the foreign factoring process are as follows:

1. International Receivable Collection: International factoring helps businesses collect receivables from their customers abroad. The factoring company undertakes the collection of receivables and makes cash payments to the factoring customer.

2. Providing Financial Flexibility: Foreign factoring provides businesses with financial flexibility in international transactions. Businesses can benefit from factoring services to improve their cash flows and reduce exchange rate risk.

3. Risk Management:The factoring company provides risk management services such as receivables collection and credit control. This reduces the factoring customer’s collection risk, especially important when doing business with customers in different countries.

4. International Communication:Overseas factoring involves communicating effectively across different cultures and business practices in international transactions. The factoring company is experienced and skilled in communication with foreign customers.

5. Transaction Volume:Businesses can use international factoring with a low transaction volume or with a large transaction volume. Commission rates and other financial conditions may vary depending on transaction volume.

Overseas factoring is an important financing tool, especially for businesses that want to do business internationally. Businesses can quickly convert their international receivables into cash by making an agreement with a factoring company. This improves cash flow, provides financial stability and provides businesses with growth opportunities in the international market. International factoring allows international receivables collection to be managed more effectively with financial support.

Accounting for Factoring Transactions

Accounting for factoring transactions involves tracking the process of transferring the receivables of businesses to the factoring company and receiving cash payments in return, with accounting records. Here are the basic steps to follow for accounting for factoring transactions:

1. Registering the Factoring Agreement

When the factoring transaction begins, the factoring agreement must be included in the accounting records by the business. This record contains the contract with the factoring company and the terms of the transaction. At the same time, factoring commission and other financial details are also recorded at this stage.

2. Transfer and Recording of Receivables

When the business transfers its receivables to the factoring company, these receivables are recorded in the accounting records. The business transfers these receivables to the “Sold Receivables” account and records the factoring income.

3. Registration of Factoring Commission

The factoring company receives a commission for receivable collection. This commission is recorded in the “Factoring Commission” account. The business records the factoring commission as an expense.

4. Recording Receivable Collection

When the factoring company collects the receivables, the business records this collection. Receivables collection is recorded in the “Cash” account and deducted from the “Sold Receivables” account.

5. Preparation of Relevant Financial Statements

As a result of the factoring transaction, the business updates its financial statements. Financial statements such as balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement are updated in accordance with the changes resulting from the factoring transaction.

Accounting for factoring transactions is critical for businesses to accurately reflect their financial situations. This process helps businesses accelerate receivables collection, provide financial flexibility and manage risk. Accounting departments of businesses should carefully follow factoring transactions and create accurate and transparent accounting records.

Forfaiting for Foreign Trade

In foreign trade, forward transactions are common between importing and exporting businesses. When exporters sell their goods or services to foreign buyers, they often have to wait long periods of time to receive payment. Importers, on the other hand, seek term financing to make payments when purchasing their goods or services from foreign sellers. At this point, forfaiting plays an important role in financing foreign trade.

Forfaiting is often used as a method of obtaining medium-term financing. Exporters resort to forfaiting to collect their receivables and accelerate their payments. In this transaction, the exporter transfers a certain amount of deferred receivables to the financial institution called forfaiter. The forfaiter purchases these receivables in exchange for a certain commission and then pays them at maturity. Importers, on the other hand, make their forward payments through forfaiting, which helps to conduct trade more efficiently.

Forfaiting is considered a reliable financing technique among businesses. Exporters get rid of the risk of collecting their receivables and improve their cash flows. Importers, on the other hand, provide financing in accordance with deferred payment plans. This allows foreign trade transactions to be carried out more easily and reliably. Forfaiting is an important financing tool of foreign trade and the key to term investment for businesses.

Process, Parties and Operation of Forfaiting Transaction

Forfaiting is a financing technique used in forward foreign trade transactions. The process, parties and operation of this transaction are as follows:

1. Process:

1. 1. Export Transaction: The exporter (foreign seller) sells his goods or services to a foreign buyer on credit.

1. 1. Forfaiting Application: The exporter applies to a forfaiter for the forfaiting process of his term receivables.

1. 1. Forfaiting Agreement: After reviewing the application, the Forfaiter undertakes to purchase the forward receivables in return for a certain commission.

1. 1. Presentation of Documents: The exporter submits the necessary documents (forfaiting agreement, receivable documents, maturity dates, guarantees, etc.) to the forfaiter.

1. 1. Payment: The Forfaiter accepts the documents and pays the issuer upon purchase of the forward receivables.

2. Parties:

1. 1. Exporter (Foreign Salesman): The business that sells goods or services submits its term receivables to the forfaiting process.

1. 1. Forfaiter: The financial institution or forfaiting company purchases the forward receivables and makes cash payments to the exporter. The forfaiter assumes the collection risk.

1. 1. Importer (Foreign Buyer):The business purchasing the goods or services makes the deferred payment to the forfaiter.

1. 1. Guarantor (Optional): The exporter or forfaiter may use a guarantor to secure the transaction. The guarantor promises payment and reduces risk.

3. Operation:

• • The exporter submits the forward receivables to a forfaiter for forfaiting. Forfaiter agrees to purchase receivables in exchange for a certain commission.

• • Forfaiter takes over the receivables and makes payment to the exporter at the end of a certain period.

• • The exporter accelerates cash flow and reduces collection risk.

• • The importer makes the deferred payments.

• • The guarantor provides transaction assurance and manages risk (optionally).

Forfaiting is considered a reliable financing method among businesses. It facilitates forward foreign trade transactions, improves cash flows and distributes risk. Therefore, forfaiting is widely used, especially in international foreign trade transactions.

Cost of Forfaiting

Forfaiting is an effective way to provide term financing in foreign trade transactions, but this financing has a cost. The cost of forfaiting can vary depending on several factors and typically includes the following elements:

1. 1. Commission Fees: The commission fee to be paid to the forfaiter for the forfaiting transaction constitutes the basic cost of the transaction. This commission is calculated as a certain percentage of the deferred receivable amount. The commission rate may vary depending on the forfaiting agreement. Businesses determine this commission by negotiating with the forfaiter.

1. 1. Guarantee Fees: The Forfaiter may request that the transaction be secured. In this case, the business or exporter pays a certain security fee to provide security.

1. 1. Other Fees:During the forfaiting process, businesses may encounter additional costs such as transaction fees, collection costs, contract fees, or other related expenses.

1. 1. Interest Cost: If forfaiting is used to provide term financing, the interest cost of this financing is also included in the transaction cost. This may vary depending on the processing time and financing method used.

1. 1. Optional Insurance: Businesses can purchase optional insurance to reduce the risk of debt collection during the forfaiting process. This insurance is added to the transaction cost.

The cost of a forfaiting transaction is negotiated between the parties involved in the transaction and may vary depending on the terms of the forfaiting agreement. Businesses should determine the most appropriate forfaiting cost according to their financing needs, maturity of receivables and transaction volume. The cost must be balanced against the financial flexibility and risk reduction benefits that forfaiting provides.

Cost of Forfaiting Transaction to the Importer

Forfaiting may be an option for financing deferred payments and may also involve costs for importers. The importer’s costs associated with forfaiting may be based on the following factors:

1. 1. Forfaiting Commission: The importer pays the forfaiter (financial institution or forfaiting company) during the forfaiting process. This payment includes the commission fee required to finance the deferred payment and assume the collection risk. The forfaiting commission is usually calculated as a percentage of the amount of the deferred payment.

1. 1. Optional Insurance: The importer can purchase optional insurance to reduce the risk of collection during the forfaiting process. This insurance provides coverage for deferred payments but may involve additional costs. The insurance premium increases the importer’s cost of providing this additional assurance.

1. 1. Transaction Fees and Other Expenses: Transaction fees, contract fees, collection costs and other related expenses incurred during the forfaiting process may also increase the importer’s cost. These costs may be related to document preparation, transaction tracking and other transactions related to the forfaiting transaction.

1. 1. Financing Cost: If the importer uses forfaiting to finance deferred payments, the interest cost of financing may also be part of the cost. This interest cost varies depending on the financing method used during the forfaiting transaction.

The total cost of the forfaiting transaction varies depending on the forfaiter used, transaction size, maturity period, optional insurance purchased and other factors. When importers wish to finance deferred payments through forfaiting, it is important to carefully evaluate the costs and carefully negotiate the terms of the forfaiting agreement. For importers, forfaiting can be a valuable financing tool to finance deferred payments and streamline cash flow.

Cost of Forfaiting Transaction to the Exporter

Cost of Forfaiting Transaction to Exporter: Cost of Receivable Collection

For exporters, forfaiting is a way to quickly convert their forward receivables into cash, but this service comes at a cost. The exporter’s costs associated with forfaiting may include:

1. 1. Forfaiting Commission: The exporter pays the forfaiter (financial institution or forfaiting company) during the forfaiting process. This payment includes the commission fee required to quickly convert deferred receivables into cash and assume the collection risk. Forfaiting commission is generally calculated as a certain percentage on the amount of deferred receivables.

1. 1. Optional Insurance: The exporter can purchase optional insurance to reduce the risk of collection during the forfaiting process. This insurance provides coverage for term receivables, but may involve additional costs. The insurance premium increases the exporter’s cost of providing this additional assurance.

1. 1. Transaction Fees and Other Expenses: Transaction fees, contract fees, collection costs and other related expenses incurred during the forfaiting process may also increase the exporter’s cost. These costs may be related to document preparation, transaction tracking and other transactions related to the forfaiting transaction.

1. 1. Financing Cost: When the exporter quickly converts its term receivables into cash through forfaiting, the interest cost of financing may also be a part of the cost. This interest cost varies depending on the financing method used during the forfaiting transaction.

The total cost of the forfaiting transaction may vary depending on the forfaiter used, transaction size, maturity period, optional insurance purchased and other factors. When exporters want to quickly collect their deferred receivables through forfaiting, it is important to carefully evaluate the costs and meticulously negotiate the terms of the forfaiting agreement. Forfaiting is an effective financing tool for exporters to quickly convert term receivables into cash and regulate cash flow.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Forfaiting Process

Advantages:

1. 1. Improving Cash Flow: For exporters, the forfaiting process offers the opportunity to quickly convert term receivables into cash. This ensures improved cash flow and increases the liquidity of the business.

1. 1. Reducing Collection Risk: The forfaiting process reduces the collection risk because it transfers the receivables to the forfaiter. It minimizes the exporter’s concerns about the collection of receivables.

1. 1. Ease of International Transactions: Forfaiting can also be used in international trade transactions. Exporters provide financial flexibility when selling on credit to foreign buyers.

1. 1. Financial Flexibility: Forfaiting offers businesses financial flexibility. Exporters can use this method to collect their deferred receivables and meet their financing needs.

Disadvantages:

1. 1. Costs: Forfaiting may involve commission fees, insurance premiums, security fees and other transaction costs. Therefore, transaction cost must be taken into account.

1. 1. Speed of Conversion to Cash: Although the conversion of forward receivables into cash via forfaiting is faster than deferred payment, it still requires some time. This may impose some limitations when cash needs for businesses suddenly rise.

1. 1. For Futures Only: Forfaiting is a financing method only for forward receivables. Businesses may need different financing instruments for non-term receivables.

1. 1. Risks: Forfaiting may involve certain risks. Especially when optional insurance is not used, collection risk and transfer risk of receivables may arise.

Forfaiting is an important financing tool for forward foreign trade transactions and offers advantages to businesses in the management of forward receivables. However, it should be evaluated carefully, taking into account the costs and risks. Businesses should consider seeking expert advice when using forfaiting to manage deferred receivables and improve cash flow.

Advantages and Disadvantages for Exporters

Advantages:

1. 1. Improving Cash Flow: Exporters can improve their cash flow by quickly converting their receivables into cash. This helps the business achieve financial flexibility and increase liquidity.

1. 1. Reducing Collection Risk: The forfaiting process reduces the collection risk because it transfers the receivables to the forfaiter. Exporters minimize uncertainties and risks regarding the collection of receivables.

1. 1. Ease of International Transactions: Forfaiting can also be used in international foreign trade transactions. Exporters provide financial flexibility when selling on credit to foreign buyers.

1. 1. Financial Flexibility: Exporters can use forfaiting to collect their deferred receivables and meet their financing needs. This allows businesses to better manage their financial plans.

Disadvantages:

1. 1. Costs: Forfaiting may involve commission fees, insurance premiums, security fees and other transaction costs. For exporters, these costs can impact transaction profitability.

1. 1. Speed of Conversion to Cash: Although the conversion of forward receivables into cash via forfaiting is faster than deferred payment, it still requires some time. Exporters may face some restrictions when the need for cash suddenly increases.

1. 1. Risks: Forfaiting may involve certain risks. Especially when optional insurance is not used, collection risk and transfer risk of receivables may arise.

1. 1. For Futures Only: Forfaiting is a financing method only for forward receivables. Businesses may need different financing instruments for non-term receivables.

For exporters, forfaiting is an important financing tool in terms of managing term receivables and improving cash flow. However, it should be evaluated carefully, taking into account costs and risks. Exporters should make informed decisions about transaction costs and financing options by seeking expert advice.

Advantages and Disadvantages for the Importer

Advantages:

1. 1. Deferred Payment Opportunity: Importers can purchase goods or services on credit with forfaiting. This allows businesses to manage their cash flow more effectively.

1. 1. Risk Mitigation: Forfaiting helps importers secure deferred payments. Forfaiter undertakes the collection of deferred payments, thus reducing the risk of collection.

1. 1. Financing Opportunity: Importers can make their deferred payments through forfaiting. This helps businesses meet their financing needs.

1. 1. Ease of Transaction: Forfaiting process is suitable for international foreign trade transactions and provides financial flexibility to businesses.

Disadvantages:

1. 1. Costs: The forfaiting process may involve additional costs for importers. These costs include forfaiting commission, insurance premiums, coverage fees and other transaction costs.

1. 1. Speed of Conversion to Cash: Although the realization of deferred payments via forfaiting is faster than deferred payment, it still requires some time. Importers should not expect a rapid improvement in cash flow.

1. 1. For Futures Only: Forfaiting is a financing method only for forward receivables. Importers may need different financing instruments for non-deferred payments.

1. 1. Risks: Forfaiting may involve certain risks. Especially when optional insurance is not used, risks such as the risk of not realizing the deferred payment or financing costs may be encountered.

For importers, forfaiting offers advantages in terms of financing deferred payments and reducing risks. However, it should be evaluated carefully, considering costs and risks. Importers should make informed decisions with expert advice on financing deferred payments and improving cash flow.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Forfaiter

Advantages:

1. 1. Commission Income: Forfaiter receives commission fee during the forfaiting process. This is one of the income sources of forfaiter and can generate significant income depending on the trading volume.

1. 1. Possibility to Distribute Risk: Forfaiter assumes the collection risk by taking over the receivables. This allows the forfaiter to build a broader risk portfolio while reducing the risks of other parties making the transaction.

1. 1. International Transaction Opportunity: Forfaiting transaction is a suitable financing tool for international foreign trade transactions. This can increase the forfaiter’s ability to operate in the global market.

1. 1. Financial Stability: Forfaiter increases financial stability when it undertakes the collection of deferred receivables. The forfaiting process ensures that deferred receivables are quickly converted into cash.

Disadvantages:

1. 1. Risk Assumption: Forfaiter assumes the collection risk by taking over the receivables. This may lead to financial losses due to malicious buyers or payment issues.

1. 1. Operational Expenses: There are transaction costs and operational expenses for Forfaiter. Resources are required for operations such as control of documents, contract preparation and follow-up.

1. 1. Long-Term Investment: Forfaiting transactions may require a long-term investment. The forfaiter must wait for the forward receivables to mature, which may result in liquidity being tied up for a long period of time.

1. 1. Optional Insurance Cost: Forfaiter may purchase optional insurance to reduce collection risk. However, this insurance may involve costs.

Forfaiting offers advantages for financial institutions and forfaiting companies in managing term receivables and ensuring financial stability. However, it also brings with it some risks, including collection risk and operational costs. Forfaiters should carefully consider transaction costs, risk management and financing strategies.

Advantages and Disadvantages Provided to Guarantor

Advantages:

1. 1. Risk Reduction: The guarantor reduces the collection risk of receivables in the forfaiting process. This allows the forfaiter to take over the receivables more securely.

1. 1. Financing Opportunity: The guarantor provides financing by guaranteeing the payment of receivables in the forfaiting transaction. This offers businesses the ability to accept deferred payments.

1. 1. International Transaction Facility: Guarantors can mediate forfaiting transactions in international foreign trade transactions. This can increase transaction volume and provide the opportunity to operate in the global market.

1. 1. Transaction Income:Guarantors may earn income from commission fees and other fees during the forfaiting transaction. This increases the guarantor’s income.

Disadvantages:

1. 1. Risk Assumption: When the guarantor guarantees the collection of receivables, it assumes the collection risk. It may lead to financial losses due to malicious buyers or payment problems.

1. 1. Costs: The guarantor covers commission fees, insurance premiums and other transaction costs during the forfaiting transaction. These costs may impact the guarantor’s profitability.

1. 1. Long-Term Investment: The guarantor must wait for the payment of the term receivables of the forfaiting transaction. This can cause liquidity to remain tied up for the long term.

1. 1. Operational Expenses: There are transaction costs and operational expenses for the guarantor. Resources are required for operations such as control of documents, contract preparation and follow-up.

Guarantors make the transaction safer by guaranteeing the collection of receivables in forfaiting transactions. However, these benefits and the possibility of obtaining financing mean that the guarantor assumes the risk and covers the costs. Guarantors should carefully consider transaction costs, risk management and financing strategies.

Turkish Eximbank Loans for Foreign Trade

• • Foreign trade is an important growth engine for a country’s economy. Exports support economic development by offering the country’s products and services in international markets. However, exporting and importing may involve various financial difficulties and risks. At this point, Türk Eximbank provides significant support to Turkish companies engaged in foreign trade.

For companies engaged in

• • foreign trade, they need sufficient financing to meet orders from foreign buyers. Turk Eximbank offers a series of export loans that meet this need. These loans support Turkish companies to sell their products and services to foreign buyers.

• • The loans provided by Türk Eximbank make foreign trade transactions easier and more reliable. The loan term and loan amount can be determined in accordance with the needs of the companies. This helps Turkish companies become more competitive in the international market.

• • Türk Eximbank also provides support to Turkish companies that aim to import. Import loans provide financing opportunities for companies that want to procure products or services from international suppliers.

• • Eximbank offers various financial instruments, especially for capital companies and sectoral foreign trade companies. These companies can expand their businesses by taking advantage of Eximbank’s credit and financing options.

• • Türk Eximbank loans also provide great support for manufacturers producing in Turkey. Manufacturers who want to increase their export capacity have the opportunity to grow further in international markets with Eximbank loans.

Therefore, Türk Eximbank is an indispensable source of support for Turkish companies engaged in foreign trade. Capital companies, sectoral foreign trade companies and manufacturing manufacturers gain a stronger and more competitive position in the international market thanks to Eximbank’s financial tools. Export loans and import loans contribute to the growth of Turkish business and help them overcome financial barriers to foreign trade. This increases Turkey’s influence in the global economy.

Eximbank Loan Types

Türk Eximbank offers various loan types to facilitate and finance the foreign trade transactions of Turkish companies and increase their international competitiveness. Here are some of Turk Eximbank’s loan types:

1. 1. Rediscount Loans: Rediscount loans are financing instruments through which Turkish companies rediscount foreign currency bonds, checks or other commercial bills to Eximbank. This helps companies provide the liquidity necessary for foreign trade transactions.

1. 1. Post-Shipment Rediscount Credits:Post-shipment rediscount credits are used to accelerate the collection of export proceeds after foreign trade transactions of Turkish companies. Eximbank provides these loans based on the payment commitment of foreign buyers.

1. 1. SME Export Preparation Loan: Specially designed for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), this loan helps SMEs finance their export preparation processes. It supports SMEs preparing to export to cover their costs.

1. 1. Export Preparation Loan: Export preparation loans are offered to finance the preliminary preparation stages required for the export transactions of Turkish companies. This may include costs for market research, product suitability testing and certification.

1. 1. Foreign Trade Companies Export Credit: Foreign trade companies can finance their exports with this loan, which they can use when selling their products and services to buyers abroad. Export credit enables foreign trade companies to be competitive in the international market.

1. 1. Pre-Shipment Export Credit:This credit, used to finance the shipment and preparation of goods and services before export transactions, helps Turkish companies manage their exports more effectively.

These Eximbank loan types are designed to meet different needs to support and finance the foreign trade transactions of Turkish companies. Each type of loan can be selected to suit a specific foreign trade transaction or financing need. Türk Eximbank, Turkey It is an important financial institution that contributes to the growth of foreign trade and increased competitiveness in the international market.

Short Term Eximbank Loans

Capital Companies generally aim to grow in foreign trade by collaborating with Sectoral Foreign Trade Companies operating in the international arena. This cooperation plays a vital role, especially for companies in need of Export Credit

Foreign trade is seen as a way to bring together a country’s products with foreign buyers. However, this process requires financial resources. This is where Eximbank comes into play. Eximbank is an organization that offers flexibility to businesses in terms of loan maturity and loan amount.

For manufacturing manufacturers 🏭, foreign trade is an important part of the growth strategy. Exporting can help businesses expand their markets and compete internationally. However, before exporting, it may be useful to apply for supports offered by Eximbank such as Export Preparation Loan 💼 and SME Export Preparation Loan 🧰. These loans can provide businesses with the resources necessary to move their products to international markets.

Foreign Trade Companies Export Credit 📈 and Pre-Shipment Export Credit 🚢 can be used to meet the financing needs before and after the shipment of the products . These loans offer businesses the opportunity to be more competitive in foreign trade.

Finally, Rediscount Credit 🔁 and Post-Shipment Rediscount Credits 🔄 are financing tools used to make foreign trade transactions more efficient. These loans help businesses quickly convert their receivables arising from foreign trade transactions into cash.

In short, Short-Term Eximbank Loans provide an important resource for businesses aiming to grow in foreign trade and help them remain competitive in the international market. These loans provide indispensable support for businesses operating in the field of foreign trade.

Featured Credits

Specialty Loans 🌟 refers to financing options specifically designed for businesses to meet their specific needs. These loans are offered to meet the specific needs of businesses and support their growth. Here are some examples:

1. 1. Business Development Loans 📈: These are special financing options that businesses can use to expand their activities, develop new products or services, or improve their existing operations. These loans can help businesses maximize their growth potential.

1. 1. Technology Investment Loans 📡: These are special loans that businesses can use to update their technology infrastructure, finance digital transformation projects or invest in innovative technologies. Technology investment can increase the competitiveness of businesses.

1. 1. Training and Skills Development Loans 📚: These are loans that help businesses invest in personnel training, talent development or training programs. These loans can be used to improve the qualifications of the workforce and increase the efficiency of businesses.

1. 1. Environmentally Friendly Loans 🌿: These are loans that encourage businesses to invest in environmentally friendly practices. These credits can be used for energy efficiency projects, waste management improvements or sustainable production processes.

1. 1. Export Credits 🌍: These are special loans offered to support the foreign trade activities of businesses. Export loans provide foreign trade financing for businesses that want to expand into international markets.

1. 1. Loans for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises 🏭: These are financing options designed specifically for the needs of small and medium-sized businesses. These loans support the growth of SMEs and help them develop their businesses.

Speciality Loans provide financial flexibility while helping businesses achieve their specific goals. Because each business’s needs are different, private loans are designed and offered to meet the specific needs of businesses.

Featured Credits

Specialty Loans 🌟 refers to financing options specifically designed for businesses to meet their specific needs. These loans are offered to meet the specific needs of businesses and support their growth. Here are some examples:

1. 1. Business Development Loans 📈: These are special financing options that businesses can use to expand their activities, develop new products or services, or improve their existing operations. These loans can help businesses maximize their growth potential.

1. 1. Technology Investment Loans 📡: These are special loans that businesses can use to update their technology infrastructure, finance digital transformation projects or invest in innovative technologies. Technology investment can increase the competitiveness of businesses.

1. 1. Training and Skills Development Loans 📚: These are loans that help businesses invest in personnel training, talent development or training programs. These loans can be used to improve the qualifications of the workforce and increase the efficiency of businesses.

1. 1. Environmentally Friendly Loans 🌿: These are loans that encourage businesses to invest in environmentally friendly practices. These credits can be used for energy efficiency projects, waste management improvements or sustainable production processes.

1. 1. Export Credits 🌍: These are special loans offered to support the foreign trade activities of businesses. Export loans provide foreign trade financing for businesses that want to expand into international markets.

1. 1. Loans for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises 🏭: These are financing options designed specifically for the needs of small and medium-sized businesses. These loans support the growth of SMEs and help them develop their businesses.

Speciality Loans provide financial flexibility while helping businesses achieve their specific goals. Because each business’s needs are different, private loans are designed and offered to meet the specific needs of businesses.

Loans Within the Scope of Foreign Exchange Earning Services

Loans Within the Scope of Foreign Exchange Earning Services 🌐 refers to the financing options offered to correct a country’s foreign trade balance and increase foreign exchange earnings. These loans are provided to encourage the country’s foreign trade activities, increase exports and balance imports. Here are some examples:

1. 1. Export Loans 📦: These are loans offered as a foreign exchange earning service to exporting businesses. Businesses can use these loans to finance their export operations. In this way, the country’s foreign exchange reserves increase.

1. 1. Export Credit Insurance 🛡️: It is a service that exporting businesses can use to protect their receivables. Export credit insurance secures the receivables of businesses from foreign buyers and thus reduces the risks of trade.

1. 1. Export Guarantees 🤝: These are the financial supports offered to secure export transactions. Businesses provide assurance that they will fulfill their commitments to foreign buyers and thus encourage trade.

1. 1. Export Credit Rediscount 🔄: The loans or receivables obtained by exporting businesses are considered as a foreign exchange earning service and these loans are rediscounted. In this way, businesses are encouraged to earn more foreign currency.

1. 1. Foreign Market Research Loans 🔍: These are loans that provide financing for businesses to explore new foreign markets and evaluate their export potential. These loans help businesses increase exports.

1. 1. Foreign Buyer Loans 💳: These are loans that support giving loans to foreign buyers. These loans enable foreign buyers to purchase products more easily and encourage exports.

Loans Within the Scope of Foreign Exchange Earning Services are an important tool that improves a country’s foreign trade balance and increases foreign exchange earnings. These loans are offered to encourage exports and contribute to the development of international trade.

Loans from Islamic Development Bank

Islamic Development Bank Sourced Loans refer to special financing options provided by the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) or other Islamic financial institutions. Islamic Development Bank provides credit and financial services to finance projects in various sectors and support the economic development of Islamic countries based on Islamic finance principles.

Such loans are used for projects financed or supported by the Islamic Development Bank. It is structured in accordance with the principles of Islamic finance and is generally based on Islamic financial instruments such as interest-free financing, profit and loss sharing or musharakah.

Islamic Development Bank Sourced Loans are generally used in the following areas:

1. 1. Infrastructure Projects: The Islamic Development Bank provides loans to finance energy, transportation, water resources and other infrastructure projects. These projects contribute to the development of the infrastructure of Islamic countries.

1. 1. Agriculture and Food Security: The Islamic Development Bank finances agricultural projects to support the agricultural sector and increase food security. This helps Islamic countries increase food production.

1. 1. Health and Education Projects: The Islamic Development Bank supports health and education projects to improve health services, strengthen educational infrastructure and promote human development.

1. 1. Business Development and SME Support: Loans from the Islamic Development Bank are offered to help small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) increase their growth and competitiveness.

1. 1. Social and Humanitarian Projects: Islamic Development Bank supports social aid, humanitarian aid and poverty alleviation projects.

These loans aim to contribute to economic development and sustainability goals in Islamic countries. Loans from the Islamic Development Bank are an important source of financing that operates in accordance with the principles of Islamic finance and aims to increase the economic welfare of Islamic countries.

Export Credit Insurance is a financial product that provides protection for exporting businesses against trade risks they may encounter in the international market. This insurance secures exporters’ receivables from foreign buyers, thus making export transactions safer. Here are the important features of Export Credit Insurance:

1. 1. Protection of Receivables: Exporters are protected against the risk of non-payment by foreign buyers. This ensures that the exporter can collect its receivables and takes precautions against liquidity problems.

1. 1. Customizable on a Policy Basis: Export Credit Insurance policy can be tailored to the specific requirements of the exporter. Insurance companies can offer customized policies, taking into account the specific trading risks and needs of businesses.

1. 1. Policy Types: Export Credit Insurance can provide protection against different risks that exporters may face. These risks may include situations such as non-payment of receivables, political risks, natural disasters, bankruptcy of foreign buyers.

1. 1. Promoting Export Growth: Export Credit Insurance helps businesses take more risks in the international market and expand into new markets. Businesses can export more confidently with insured transactions.

1. 1. Provides Trust in Financial Institutions: Export Credit Insurance supports loan applications of businesses to financial institutions. Businesses can increase the possibility of obtaining loans by using insured receivables as collateral.

1. 1. International Competitiveness: Insured transactions offer businesses the opportunity to be more competitive in the international market. By offering better payment terms to foreign buyers, businesses’ products become more attractive.

Export Credit Insurance is an important tool that reduces risks in international trade and provides more assurance to businesses. Exporters can achieve greater success in the international market and grow their business by using this type of insurance.

Loans Provided from Commercial Banks

Loans from Commercial Banks refer to the loan products offered by commercial banks to businesses and individuals to meet their financial needs. These loans usually include different types of financing options that commercial banks offer to their customers. Here are some important features of loans provided by commercial banks:

1. 1. Business Loans: Businesses can get business loans from commercial banks to expand their business, replenish their stocks, purchase new equipment or increase working capital. These loans can be structured to suit the specific needs of the business.

1. 1. Consumer Loans: Individuals can apply to commercial banks for various consumer loans such as home loans, automobile loans, personal loans and credit cards.

1. 1. Mortgage Loans: Mortgage loans offered to individuals who want to own a home are generally long-term loans. These loans are used to finance the purchase of a home.

1. 1. Vehicle Loans: These are loans offered to people who want to buy cars or other vehicles. These loans provide for ownership or use of the vehicle.

1. 1. Mortgage Loans: Businesses or individuals can obtain mortgage loans from commercial banks to finance their real estate in return for a mortgage.

1. 1. Credit Limits: Depending on the credit cards, banks provide customers with a certain credit limit. Payment will be required for purchases and expenses made within this limit.

1. 1. Credit Conditions and Interest Rates: Commercial banks can offer different options regarding loan conditions and interest rates. Interest rates may vary depending on the loan type, maturity and the customer’s credit history.

1. 1. Credit Application Process: The loan application process involves customers submitting the necessary documents to evaluate their financial situation and approve their loan applications. Commercial banks review loan applications and grant loan approval.

Loans from commercial banks help businesses and individuals meet their financial needs. These loans can be used for a variety of purposes and can support economic growth. However, one should be careful when using loans and comply with the repayment terms, otherwise financial problems may arise.

Government Supports in Financing Foreign Trade

Foreign trade is an important element that contributes to the economic growth of a country. However, financing needs may arise when competing in the international arena. At this point, government supports play an important role. Government supports in financing foreign trade can help businesses in various ways.

First of all, government supports offered for Research and Development (R&D) projects can increase the capacity of businesses to develop their products and services. This helps them be more competitive in the international market. At the same time, businesses can better understand their target markets with Market Research support. The Market Entry Support offered by the government alleviates financial difficulties when stepping into new markets.

With the Inland Processing Regime, businesses can reduce their input costs and increase their export revenues thanks to the Export Refund Assistance. Additionally, Supporting Environmental Costs encourages businesses’ environmental sustainability efforts, while Training Assistance helps them improve the qualifications of the workforce.

Supporting Fair Participation makes it easier for businesses to exhibit their products on international platforms, while Tax, Duties and Fee Exemption makes trade transactions financially attractive. State supports provide businesses with an important source of power in financing foreign trade and help them compete in the international market. These supports increase the growth potential of businesses and also contribute to the economic growth of the country.

State Supports play an indispensable role in increasing the competitiveness of businesses in the international arena and encouraging exports. These supports support economic growth and contribute to the sustainable growth of businesses.

Purpose of State Support

Government subsidies are financial incentives provided to support a government’s economic, social or environmental goals and to achieve specific policy objectives. The main purposes of these supports may be:

1. 1. Encouraging Economic Growth: Government supports aim to accelerate the economic growth of a country. This enables businesses to invest, increase productivity and stimulate employment.

1. 1. Increasing Employment: Governments provide support to businesses to reduce unemployment and increase employment. The growth of the workforce is aimed with employment-creating projects and incentives.

1. 1. Attracting and Promoting Investment: Attracting investments is important for the economic growth of the country. The government provides tax advantages, incentives and financial support to attract investors and encourage investments by existing businesses.

1. 1. Encouraging Innovation: Innovation is a critical factor for economic growth and competitiveness. Government supports encourage R&D projects, new technologies and innovation.

1. 1. Supporting Sectoral Development: Governments provide sectoral supports to support the development of certain sectors and increase competitiveness. This is especially important in strategic sectors.

1. 1. Increasing Social Welfare: It aims to ensure that the society has better living conditions through state supports, social welfare programs and aid. Education, health services and social assistance are included in this scope.

1. 1. Environmental Protection and Sustainability: States encourage environmentally friendly projects for the purpose of environmental sustainability. This may include green energy projects, waste management and conservation of natural resources.

1. 1. Increasing Competition: Governments provide supports to businesses in order to increase competition in domestic and foreign trade. Export incentives, removal of trade barriers and free trade agreements serve these goals.

Government supports are generally provided subject to certain conditions and criteria and aim to achieve specific policy objectives. These supports aim to increase the welfare of society in economic, social and environmental fields and are one of the economic policy tools of governments.

Main State Supports

States provide various state supports to stimulate economic growth, increase employment, support sectors and achieve certain policy goals. Major government supports may be:

1. 1. Tax Deductions and Incentives: Tax deductions can reduce businesses’ income tax or corporate tax liabilities. Additionally, regional incentives may be provided for businesses investing in certain regions.

1. 1. Investment Incentives: Investment incentives can be offered to encourage businesses to open new facilities or expand their existing facilities. These incentives generally aim to increase infrastructure development and employment.

1. 1. Employment Support: Employment incentives can be offered to employers in order to reduce the unemployment rate. Employers can benefit from incentives if they hire new workers or provide training to existing workers.

1. 1. Research and Development (R&D) Incentives: R&D incentives can be offered to encourage innovation and support the development of new products. Businesses can receive financial support and tax advantages for R&D projects.

1. 1. Export Incentives: Export incentives can be offered to businesses aiming to increase exports. These incentives can provide exporters with advantages such as tax refunds, loans and insurance.

1. 1. Education and Skills Development Support: Training and skill development supports can be offered in order to increase the qualifications of the workforce and provide employers with more skilled employees.

1. 1. Environmental Incentives: Environmental incentives can be offered to encourage environmentally friendly practices. This may include renewable energy projects, waste management improvements and water conservation projects.

1. 1. Sectoral Support: Sectoral supports can be offered to support certain sectors and increase competitiveness. For example, supports can be provided for the agricultural sector or incentives for entrepreneurs in the technology sector.

1. 1. Import Export Support: Import and export incentives can be offered to facilitate export and import transactions. Businesses can benefit from reduced tariffs and other trade barriers.

1. 1. Social Assistance: Social assistance and support programs can be provided to increase the welfare of the society. Assistance may be provided in areas such as education, health, housing and social security.

These major government supports may vary depending on each country’s needs and policy objectives. Businesses and individuals must follow certain conditions and application processes to benefit from these supports. Government supports aim to increase the welfare of society while encouraging economic growth.

Turkey Application of Payment Methods in Foreign Trade

Payment methods in foreign trade transactions in Turkey vary in accordance with the requirements of international trade. Here are the foreign trade payment methods commonly applied in Turkey:

1. 1. Cash in Advance 💵: Advance payment involves the exporter receiving payment from the buyer before shipping the goods or services. This method reduces trust issues between buyer and seller, but there is an obligation for the buyer to make a down payment.

1. 1. Open Account 📋: Open account is a form of payment in which the buyer undertakes to make payment within a certain period of time after receiving the goods. In this method, the seller trusts the buyer and the payment risk belongs to the buyer.

1. 1. Deferred Payment 🗓️: Periodic payment is a form of payment in which the buyer agrees to pay within a certain period of time after receiving the goods or services. It usually means futures trading and offers more flexibility for the buyer.

1. 1. Open Letter of Credit 📝: Open letter of credit is a payment method in which the buyer opens a letter of credit through his own bank. This letter of credit guarantees payment for the delivery of goods or services.

1. 1. Letter of Guarantee (Standby Letter of Credit) 📜: Letter of guarantee is a payment method used especially in large transactions or special projects. It provides a guarantee for the exporter to complete his work and provides assurance to the buyer.

1. 1. Consignment 📦: Consignment sale is a method in which the exporter sends his goods to the buyer, but the payment is made after the sale and delivery of the goods. The goods remain the property of the exporter until sold by the buyer.

Payment methods used in foreign trade transactions in Turkey may generally vary depending on the trade agreement between the buyer and seller, the level of mutual trust and the complexity of the transaction. Particularly in large and complex trade transactions, the form of payment can often be based on more secure methods such as a letter of credit or letter of guarantee. It is important that both parties carefully review the contract terms and put the agreement in writing.

Import Procedures

Import operations refer to the process of bringing goods or services from abroad to a country. Here are the stages of import procedures commonly applied in Turkey:

1. 1. Product and Market Research: Before starting the import process, it is important to research whether the product or service to be imported is in demand, market conditions and potential suppliers. In addition, the company that will import should pay attention to Turkey’s relevant import regulations and tax policies.

1. 1. Supplier Selection: The importer company must identify foreign suppliers that will provide its products or services. In this process, factors such as price, quality, delivery time and payment terms should be taken into account.

1. 1. Order and Agreement: The importer company makes an agreement with the selected supplier, including orders, delivery terms, payment terms and other details. This agreement can usually take the form of a sales contract or pro forma invoice.

1. 1. Payment Transactions: Payment is made in accordance with the payment terms for the import transaction. Payment is usually made in foreign currency and open account, letter of credit, periodic payment or other payment methods may be used.

1. 1. Shipping and Handling: The importer company makes shipping and handling arrangements to bring the products or services to Turkey. In this process, details such as mode of transportation, customs procedures and insurance are taken into consideration.

1. 1. Customs Procedures: Customs procedures are completed when the imported products enter Turkey. This involves the importer filing a customs declaration and paying any necessary taxes and duties. Customs procedures in Turkey are generally carried out by the Ministry of Customs and Trade.

1. 1. Product Delivery and Acceptance: When the products arrive in Turkey, the importer company checks the quality and quantity of the products. Acceptance or rejection of products is determined at this stage.

1. 1. Taxation and Payment: Customs duties, VAT (Value Added Tax) and other taxes to be paid on imported products are calculated and paid.

1. 1. Storage and Distribution: Stocking and distribution of products in Turkey is managed by the importer company. Products are placed in storage facilities and distributed to customers or end users.

1. 1. Reporting and Declaration: After the import process, the importer company submits an import declaration to the relevant authorities in Turkey. This declaration contains the details of the imported products and ensures the completion of customs procedures.

Import transactions in Turkey are carried out in accordance with the regulations of the Ministry of Customs and Trade and importing companies are required to comply with the relevant procedures and legal requirements. This process ensures the effective management of both national and international trade.

Payment by Letter of Credit

Letter of credit payment is a financial instrument used as a reliable payment method in international trade transactions. A letter of credit is a payment assurance provided by a bank between the buyer and the seller. Here’s how payment by letter of credit works and its basic features:

How Does It Work?

1. 1. Agreement: A trade agreement is made between the exporter (seller) and the importer (buyer). The buyer expresses his desire to purchase goods or services from the seller.

1. 1. Opening a Letter of Credit: The buyer requests a letter of credit to be opened to his bank. This letter of credit includes a specific amount and payment terms. The buyer’s bank guarantees payment by transmitting this letter of credit to the exporter’s bank.

1. 1. Notification to the Seller: The exporter’s bank notifies the seller that the letter of credit has been opened. This notification includes the details and conditions of the letter of credit.

1. 1. Delivery of Goods or Services: The seller sends the goods or services to the buyer and makes delivery in accordance with the specified conditions.

1. 1. Presentation of Documents: The seller collects the documents suitable for the letter of credit (invoice, transport document, packing list, etc.) and submits these documents to his bank.

1. 1. Bank Audit: The seller’s bank reviews the submitted documents and verifies that they comply with the conditions specified in the letter of credit.

1. 1. Payment: The seller’s bank submits a payment request to the buyer’s bank after confirming that the documents are appropriate. The buyer’s bank transfers the amount specified in the letter of credit to the seller’s bank.

1. 1. Delivery and Delivery of Documents to the Buyer: Documents are delivered to the buyer from the buyer’s bank. The buyer receives the goods or services at customs using the documents.

Key Features:

• • Payment by letter of credit guarantees payment by the buyer and offers payment assurance to the seller.

• • It increases trust between the exporter and importer because payment is made only when the conformity of the documents is verified.

• • It is widely used in international trade transactions and is generally preferred in large transactions.

• • Payment by letter of credit can be made in foreign currency and may involve payment within a certain period of time.

• • The exporter and importer must carefully review the terms of the letter of credit and provide accurate and complete documentation to avoid disputes.

Letter of credit payment is an effective financial tool that helps conduct international trade in a safe and orderly manner.

Payment Against Documents

Payment against documents is a payment method widely used in international trade transactions. This method is a form of payment where documents are exchanged between the buyer and seller to complete the trade. Here’s how payment against documents works and its basic features:

How Does It Work?

1. 1. Agreement: A trade agreement is made between the exporter (seller) and the importer (buyer). The agreement specifies details such as the type, quantity, price and delivery terms of the goods or services.

1. 1. Placing the Order: The buyer orders the goods or services and this order is accepted by the seller.

1. 1. Preparation of Documents: The seller prepares the documents required to complete the trade. These documents may include invoice, transport document, packing list, insurance policy, etc. may contain.

1. 1. Delivery of Goods or Services: The seller sends the goods or services to the buyer and acts in accordance with the delivery conditions.

1. 1. Exchange of Documents: The seller transmits the documents he has prepared to the buyer. The buyer prepares his own documents (for example, the acceptance document) and forwards them to the seller.

1. 1. Bank Transaction: The buyer and seller deliver the documents to their banks. Both banks check the documents and confirm their suitability.

1. 1. Payment: After the banks confirm the suitability of the documents, the payment process takes place. Buyer pays in return for documents.

1. 1. Delivery of Documents to the Recipient: Documents are delivered to the recipient from the recipient’s bank. The buyer receives the goods or services using these documents and carries out the necessary transactions.

Key Features:

• • Payment against documents is a payment method based on documents. The suitability and completeness of the documents are critical for payment to occur.

• • In this method, trust between buyer and seller is important because payment occurs when the documents are mutually proven to be correct and complete.

• • Payment against documents is generally preferred in cases where using other payment methods such as open account or letter of credit is risky.

• • It is widely used in international trade and offers certain advantages for both parties to the transaction.

Payment against documents is considered an effective payment method, especially when reliability and accuracy of documents are prioritized. However, it should be applied carefully as accurate and complete documentation must be prepared and submitted.

Payment Against Goods

Payment against goods is a payment method widely used in international trade transactions. This method involves payment in return for the delivery of goods to complete the trade between the buyer and seller. Here’s how payment against goods works and its basic features:

How Does It Work?

1. 1. Agreement: A trade agreement is made between the exporter (seller) and the importer (buyer). Details such as the type, quantity, price and delivery conditions of the goods or services are specified in the agreement.

1. 1. Placing the Order: The buyer orders the goods or services and this order is accepted by the seller.

1. 1. Delivery of Goods: The seller sends the goods or service to the buyer and acts in accordance with the delivery conditions.

1. 1. Payment: The buyer makes payment according to the payment terms determined following the delivery of the goods or services. Payment is usually made in foreign currency.

1. 1. Documentary Procedures: The importer (buyer) receives the documents proving the delivery of the goods (for example, delivery document or invoice) and verifies the receipt of the goods or services with these documents.

1. 1. Completion of the Transaction: Once the payment is completed and the documents are approved, the trade transaction is completed and both parties comply with the agreed terms.

Key Features:

• • Payment against goods is frequently used, especially in transactions where the delivery of goods is physical and the quality of the goods can be directly observed.

• • This payment method is preferred in transactions where trust and trade relations between the buyer and seller are important.

• • Payment is made after the delivery of the goods or services, therefore the timing and amount of payment must be determined in advance.

• • Payment against goods can help the trade to occur quickly and provide assurance to the buyer about the quality of the goods.

Payment against goods is based on trust between the parties to the trade and is generally used in simpler trade transactions. This method is preferred in cases where the physical existence of the goods is important and ensures mutual satisfaction of both parties at the end of the transaction.

Export Applications

Exporting is the process of selling one country’s goods or services to another country and is an important activity to stimulate economic growth, reach new markets and earn foreign currency. Export practices include a variety of methods and policies used to regulate and facilitate a country’s international trade. Here are the main features of export applications:

1. 1. Export Market Research: Before exporting, it is important to research potential markets. Market research provides information about demand, competition, consumer behavior and market trends.

1. 1. Product and Service Selection: Which products or services will be exported is determined depending on market demand, competitive situation and competitive advantages of the country.

1. 1. Appropriate Pricing: Exporters should carefully determine the prices of their export products. Prices are established based on factors such as costs, market demand and competition.

1. 1. Appropriate Distribution Channels: Exporters must choose appropriate distribution channels to deliver their products to target markets. These channels may include agents, distributors or direct sales.

1. 1. Customs and Trade Regulations: Exporters must comply with applicable customs and trade regulations during export transactions. These regulations may include import duties, customs procedures and trade agreements.

1. 1. Language and Cultural Differences: Exporters must understand the language and cultural differences of target markets and take these differences into account. Communication and marketing strategies should be adapted accordingly.

1. 1. Export Documents and Licenses: Export transactions may involve situations where the necessary documents must be prepared and export licenses must be obtained. These documents are used to facilitate customs procedures.

1. 1. Trade Financing: Financing may be required during export transactions. Exporters should consider trade finance options and manage payment risks.

1. 1. Quality and Standards: Compliance of products and services with quality standards is important for competitiveness in international markets. Exporters should pay attention to quality control processes.

1. 1. Marketing and Promotion: Exporters must develop marketing and advertising strategies to promote their products in target markets. This can increase brand awareness and expand the customer base.

Export practices include a set of strategies necessary to grow a country’s foreign trade and be competitive in international markets. A successful export operation involves careful planning, market research and appropriate resources.

Export Applications

Exporting is the process of selling one country’s goods or services to another country and is an important activity to stimulate economic growth, reach new markets and earn foreign currency. Export practices include a variety of methods and policies used to regulate and facilitate a country’s international trade. Here are the main features of export applications:

1. 1. Export Market Research: Before exporting, it is important to research potential markets. Market research provides information about demand, competition, consumer behavior and market trends.

1. 1. Product and Service Selection: Which products or services will be exported is determined depending on market demand, competitive situation and competitive advantages of the country.

1. 1. Appropriate Pricing: Exporters should carefully determine the prices of their export products. Prices are established based on factors such as costs, market demand and competition.

1. 1. Appropriate Distribution Channels: Exporters must choose appropriate distribution channels to deliver their products to target markets. These channels may include agents, distributors or direct sales.

1. 1. Customs and Trade Regulations: Exporters must comply with applicable customs and trade regulations during export transactions. These regulations may include import duties, customs procedures and trade agreements.

1. 1. Language and Cultural Differences: Exporters must understand the language and cultural differences of target markets and take these differences into account. Communication and marketing strategies should be adapted accordingly.

1. 1. Export Documents and Licenses: Export transactions may involve situations where the necessary documents must be prepared and export licenses must be obtained. These documents are used to facilitate customs procedures.

1. 1. Trade Financing: Financing may be required during export transactions. Exporters should consider trade finance options and manage payment risks.

1. 1. Quality and Standards: Compliance of products and services with quality standards is important for competitiveness in international markets. Exporters should pay attention to quality control processes.

1. 1. Marketing and Promotion: Exporters must develop marketing and advertising strategies to promote their products in target markets. This can increase brand awareness and expand the customer base.

Export practices include a set of strategies necessary to grow a country’s foreign trade and be competitive in international markets. A successful export operation involves careful planning, market research and appropriate resources.

Payment by Letter of Credit

Letter of credit payment is a financial instrument used as a reliable payment method in international trade. This method involves a payment guarantee provided by a bank between the buyer and the seller. Here’s how payment by letter of credit works and its basic features:

How Does It Work?

1. 1. Agreement: A trade agreement is made between the exporter (seller) and the importer (buyer). The buyer expresses his desire to purchase goods or services from the seller.

1. 1. Opening a Letter of Credit: The buyer requests a letter of credit to be opened to his bank. This letter of credit includes a specific amount and payment terms. The buyer’s bank guarantees payment by transmitting this letter of credit to the exporter’s bank.

1. 1. Notification to the Seller: The exporter’s bank notifies the seller that the letter of credit has been opened. This notification includes the details and conditions of the letter of credit.

1. 1. Delivery of Goods or Services: The seller sends the goods or services to the buyer and makes delivery in accordance with the specified conditions.

1. 1. Presentation of Documents: The seller collects the documents suitable for the letter of credit (invoice, transport document, packing list, etc.) and submits these documents to his bank.

1. 1. Bank Audit: The seller’s bank reviews the submitted documents and confirms their suitability.

1. 1. Payment: The seller’s bank submits a payment request to the buyer’s bank after confirming that the documents are appropriate. The buyer’s bank transfers the amount specified in the letter of credit to the seller’s bank.

1. 1. Delivery and Delivery of Documents to the Buyer: Documents are delivered to the buyer from the buyer’s bank. The buyer receives the goods or services at customs using the documents.

Key Features:

• • Payment by letter of credit guarantees payment by the buyer and offers payment assurance to the seller.

• • It increases trust between the exporter and importer, because payment occurs only when the conformity of the documents is verified.

• • It is widely used in international trade transactions and is generally preferred in large transactions.

• • Payment by letter of credit can be made in foreign currency and may involve payment within a certain period of time.

• • The exporter and importer should carefully examine the terms of the letter of credit and draw up the agreement in writing.

Letter of credit payment is an effective financial tool that helps conduct international trade in a safe and orderly manner.

Payment Against Documents

Payment against documents is a payment method used in international trade and refers to a payment system based on documents. This payment method involves exchanging documents between the buyer and seller and making the payment based on these documents. Here’s how payment against documents works and its basic features:

How Does It Work?

1. 1. Agreement: A trade agreement is made between the exporter (seller) and the importer (buyer). In this agreement, details such as the type, quantity, price and delivery conditions of the goods or services are specified.

1. 1. Delivery of the Goods: The seller sends the goods or service to the buyer and acts in accordance with the specified delivery conditions.

1. 1. Preparation of Documents: The seller prepares documents (e.g. invoice, transport document, insurance policy) proving the delivery of the goods or services.

1. 1. Presentation of Documents: The seller proves that the delivery has been made and the goods or services have been sent by transmitting the documents he has prepared to the buyer.

1. 1. Buyer Review: The buyer carefully reviews the documents sent by the seller and checks their accuracy.

1. 1. Buyer Pays: After confirming the accuracy of the documents, the buyer pays. Payment is usually made in foreign currency.

1. 1. Delivery of Documents to the Buyer: Documents are used by the buyer to prove that the payment has been made. The documents are forwarded by the recipient’s bank.

Key Features:

• • Payment against documents is widely used, especially in transactions related to the physical delivery of goods.

• • Payment is based on the availability of documents. The accuracy and completeness of the documents are critical for payment to occur.

• • This payment method is based on trust between the buyer and the seller. Verifying the accuracy of documents ensures the security of trade.

• • Payment against documents is preferred in cases where other payment methods such as open account or letter of credit are risky.

• • It is frequently used in international trade transactions and requires both parties to verify the suitability of documents at the end of the transaction.

Payment against documents is an effective payment method used especially in international trade transactions where the delivery of goods and the accuracy of documents are important. This method can increase trust between buyer and seller and ensure the security of trade.

Payment Against Goods

Payment against goods is a payment method widely used in international trade. In this method, the delivery of the goods constitutes the payment and the buyer makes the payment before receiving the goods. Here’s how payment against goods works and its basic features:

How Does It Work?

1. 1. Agreement: A trade agreement is made between the exporter (seller) and the importer (buyer). In this agreement, details such as the type, quantity, price and delivery conditions of the goods or services are specified.

1. 1. Payment Terms: The parties determine the payment terms. In cash payment, the buyer usually agrees to pay for the goods or services in full.

1. 1. Payment: The buyer makes payment according to the specified payment terms. This payment usually occurs before the goods or services are shipped.

1. 1. Delivery of the Goods: The seller sends the goods or service to the buyer and acts in accordance with the delivery conditions.

1. 1. Buyer Review: After receiving the goods or service, the buyer carefully examines the conditions and quality of the delivery. Notifies if there is any deficiency or damage.

Key Features:

• • Payment against goods is a payment method in which payment occurs before the delivery of the goods or services.

• • The buyer provides payment assurance to the seller by paying for the goods or services in advance.

• • This method provides a secure form of payment, but is preferred when a relationship of assurance and trust between the buyer and seller is important.

• • The parties to the trade must clearly determine the payment terms and delivery terms in writing.

• • The quality of the good or service is important in the relationship between buyer and seller and requires good communication.

Payment against goods is accepted as a safe payment method in trade transactions. However, making the payment in advance requires a strong relationship of trust between the seller and the buyer, and it is especially important to work with reliable sellers.

Adapted Digital – We Carry Your Foreign Trade to Success!

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